UNESCO World Heritage Site · 2012

Western Ghats

सह्याद्रि · Sahyadri

One of the eight hottest biodiversity hotspots of the world, older than the Himalayas, stretching 1,600 km along India's western coast

1,600 km
Length
6 states
Coverage
2,695 m
Highest Peak
150 M yrs
Age
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Explore the Western Ghats

Click on markers to discover peaks, national parks, waterfalls, hill stations, and gaps across the mountain range

Western Ghats Atlas

Spanning 1,600 km through 6 states, covering 1,60,000 km² — one of Earth's most vital ecological regions.

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Peaks
National Parks
Waterfalls
Hill Stations
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River Origins

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Total Area 1,60,000 km²
Avg Width 50-80 km
Direction N → S
Rock Type Basaltic
UNESCO Sites 39

Names Across Languages

Known by many names across India's diverse linguistic landscape

Sanskrit
सह्याद्रि
Marathi
सह्याद्री
Kannada
ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಘಟ್ಟಗಳು
Malayalam
പശ്ചിമഘട്ടം
Tamil
மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலை
English
Western Ghats

Towering Summits

From the mighty Anamudi to the rugged Kudremukh, the Western Ghats harbor some of South India's tallest peaks

Cradle of Rivers

The Western Ghats form the watershed of Peninsular India, giving birth to rivers flowing both east and west

🌊
West-Flowing Rivers
Shorter, swifter, into Arabian Sea
Sharavathi
Jog Falls (253m)
128 km
Nethravathi
Karnataka
103 km
Periyar
Longest in Kerala
244 km
Bharathapuzha
Nila River
209 km
Pamba
Sabarimala pilgrimage
176 km
Chaliyar
Kerala
169 km
Mandovi
Goa's lifeline
77 km
Zuari
Longest in Goa
34 km
Savitri
Maharashtra
99 km
Kadalundi
Bird sanctuary
130 km
🏞
East-Flowing Rivers
Longer, into Bay of Bengal
Godavari
Nasik, Maharashtra
1,465 km
Krishna
Mahabaleshwar
1,400 km
Kaveri
Brahmagiri, Karnataka
800 km
Tungabhadra
Krishna tributary
531 km

Cascading Wonders

The steep western escarpment creates some of India's most spectacular waterfalls

Gaps & Ghats

Natural passages through the mountain barrier, vital for transportation and climate patterns

A Living Treasury

One of the world's eight hottest biodiversity hotspots, home to an extraordinary concentration of endemic species

🐸
179
Amphibian Species
87 Endemic
🦎
157
Reptile Species
95 Endemic
🐟
290
Fish Species
139 Endemic
🌺
4,000+
Flowering Plants
1,800 Endemic

Iconic Species

Altitude-Based Vegetation Zones

From tropical evergreen forests at the base to cloud-kissed shola grasslands at the summit

Up to 1,000 m
Tropical Evergreen
Dense, multilayered forests that never shed leaves. The darkest, most biodiverse zone.
Rosewood Mahogany Ebony
1,000 - 1,500 m
Moist Deciduous
Trees shed leaves in dry season. Commercial timber zone with mixed canopy.
Teak Sal Bamboo
1,500 - 2,500 m
Montane Temperate
Cloud forests draped in mosses and ferns. Cool, misty environments year-round.
Rhododendron Magnolia Ferns
Above 2,000 m
Shola Grasslands
Unique mosaic of grass & forest patches in valleys. Found only in Western Ghats.
Shola Forests Grasslands Endemic

Monsoon's Wall

The Western Ghats intercept the southwest monsoon, creating one of the wettest regions on Earth on the windward side and a rain shadow on the leeward Deccan

Annual Rainfall Pattern (Windward Side, mm)

Orographic rainfall peaks during June-September monsoon

☔ Windward Side
2,000 - 8,000 mm
Annual rainfall, among highest in India
🏜 Leeward Side
500 - 1,000 mm
Rain shadow effect on Deccan Plateau
🌡 Temperature
15° - 30°C
Varies with altitude; cooler at heights
🌀 Monsoon Type
Orographic
SW Monsoon intercepted by Ghats

Mountain Retreats

Cool escapes nestled among the mist-covered peaks of the Sahyadri

39 Protected Properties

The UNESCO World Heritage designation covers 39 serial properties across the Western Ghats

Protected Wilderness

Key national parks safeguarding the Western Ghats' extraordinary biodiversity

Power from the Mountains

Major hydroelectric projects harnessing the steep gradients and heavy rainfall of the Western Ghats

Sharavathi Project
Karnataka
Powers Jog Falls region; major electricity source for Karnataka
Idukki Dam
Kerala
Arch dam on Periyar River; one of Asia's highest arch dams at 168m
Koyna Dam
Maharashtra
On Krishna River; largest hydroelectric project in Maharashtra
Periyar Project
Kerala
Diverts Periyar waters eastward to irrigate Madurai district

Western Ghats vs Eastern Ghats

A side-by-side comparison of India's two great escarpment ranges

Feature ⛰ Western Ghats 🏔 Eastern Ghats
ContinuityContinuousDiscontinuous
Average Height~1,500 m~600 m
Length1,600 km~1,750 km
Rainfall2,000–8,000 mm1,000–1,500 mm
BiodiversityGlobal HotspotModerate
RiversOriginate hereCut through
UNESCO Status✓ Yes (2012)✗ No
Highest PeakAnamudi (2,695 m)Jindhagada (1,690 m)
CoastArabian Sea (West)Bay of Bengal (East)
States6 States4 States

Threats & Protection

Balancing development with preservation of this irreplaceable ecological treasure

⚠ Threats

Ongoing challenges to the ecosystem

  • 🪓
    Deforestation
    Loss of forest cover for agriculture & settlements
  • Mining
    Iron ore mining (Kudremukh stopped); sand mining
  • 🏗
    Dams & Reservoirs
    Submersion of forest areas; altered water flow
  • 🏘
    Encroachment
    Expanding settlements into protected areas
  • 🌡
    Climate Change
    Shifting rainfall patterns; temperature rise
  • 🌿
    Invasive Species
    Lantana camara spreading aggressively

🛡 Conservation

Measures to protect the ecosystem

  • 🌍
    UNESCO World Heritage (2012)
    International recognition & protection mandate
  • 📋
    Gadgil Committee
    Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel report
  • 🗺
    Ecologically Sensitive Areas
    ESA zones with development restrictions
  • 🦁
    Protected Areas Network
    National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, reserves
  • 🌱
    Sacred Groves
    Traditional community-protected forest patches
  • 🔬
    Research Stations
    Ongoing biodiversity monitoring & studies

Cultural Significance

The Western Ghats are deeply woven into India's spiritual, medicinal, and cultural heritage

🙏
Sacred Groves
Ancient community-protected forest patches preserved through religious beliefs, serving as biodiversity refugia for centuries.
🏕
Tribal Habitats
Home to numerous indigenous communities including Toda, Irula, Kurumba, and Paniya, with unique cultures and ecological knowledge.
🌿
Ayurveda Medicinal Plants
Over 2,000 medicinal plant species used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. The Ghats are a living pharmacy.
Pilgrimage Sites
Sabarimala, Kukke Subramanya, Mahabaleshwar (Panch Ganga origin) — spiritual journeys into the mountains.
Spice & Coffee Belt
Coorg, Chikmagalur, Wayanad — India's premier coffee, cardamom, pepper, and tea growing regions since centuries.
🥾
Trekking & Tourism
World-class trekking routes, wildlife safaris, monsoon tourism, and plantation homestays drawing millions annually.

Ancient Geological Origins

Formed 150 million years ago during the breakup of Gondwana, older than the Himalayas

🪨
Basaltic Rock
The northern section is covered by Deccan Traps — massive basaltic lava flows from volcanic activity 66 million years ago.
150 Million Years Old
Formed during the Cretaceous period when the Indian plate separated from Madagascar. Predates the Himalayan orogeny.
🏔
Escarpment Formation
A fault escarpment with steep western face dropping to narrow coastal plain, and gentle eastern slope to the Deccan Plateau.
🟤
Laterite Deposits
Tropical weathering created thick laterite caps, rich in iron and aluminum, giving characteristic red soils to the region.